Created : Wednesday, 1 December 2010 | Last Update Friday, 1 April 2011
Indonesia can not be forever dependent on petroleum. Biofuel (BBN) seems to be the answer to the problem of future energy consumption, since the use of more environmentally friendly biofuel and is expected to be more economical with the increasing scarcity of fuel oil (BBM). BBN in turn will have an increasingly good prospects for biofuel is much less developed renewable energy sources that supported its development by the government through regulation and policy, financing and research and development (Sambodo, 2008).
Biodiesel as a biofuel that can substitute diesel fuel, will thrive if and only if the production of biodiesel can be economically competitive with diesel. One important factor that determines competitiveness is the productivity of the land to produce biodiesel continuously. In addition to the situation who is prone to rising fuel prices will make biofuels more competitive. This is supported by the abundance of available resources, especially land, climate, labor and technology.
for biodiesel production in areas which already has a shortage of land resources, development should be based on a plant that is able to function conservation and does not compete with food supply. This is because almost all regions in Indonesia have a critical need of conservation land, especially in areas with high population density such as in Java. The advantages of biodiesel production is highly variable source plants (Table 1), which is largely a crop of trees that can serve conservation, and not a producer of foodstuffs, as well as having a high production potential.
example, Kemiri Reutealis Trisperma is a plant that can produce vegetable oil for biodiesel, which can function as a plant conservation, and not an oil producer to eat because they contain toxins. According to observations carried out quickly Spice Crops Research Institute for Industrial Crops and Miscellaneous (BALITTRI) content of oil extracted from the kernel can achieve more than 50% and of some fruit trees capable of producing more than 250 kg. The problem is whether Kemiri Reutealis Trisperma can produce biodiesel more than 10 tonnes per ha and can be visualized clearly and scientifically, so it can be the basis of decision-makers in this case the government and the private sector to develop Kemiri Reutealis Trisperma. Based on the question this study aims to provide a picture of Kemiri Reutealis Trisperma productivity through dynamic simulation of crop production systems.
METHODOLOGY
Kemiri Reutealis Trisperma dikotil tree is a plant that can reach a height of more than 10 m and trunk diameter of 1 m. These include Family Euphorbiaceae plants, can grow in tropical to subtropical regions at altitudes of less than 600 m above sea level by 60-10 cm wide leaf. Kemiri lateral rooting areas Reutealis Trisperma can reach twice the diameter of the editorial, which can reach more than 5 m. Therefore, ideally the spacing of 8 m triangular or oblong sangkar.Bila use triangular spacing of the population of the plant 150 trees per ha. Kemiri Fruit
Reutealis Trisperma is at least the end of branches or twigs or shoots (fruiting terminals), with 3 pieces of branches at each branching (triple branch). Branching can be propagated by crown pruning to produce a surface as large as possible so that production can be optimal. With such a branching system, Kemiri Reutealis Trisperma canopy like an umbrella unfurled, the more surface area of the canopy of a growing number of shoots. The development of broad canopy of branches and in line with the development of plant age, thus forming the canopy can be set in a planned manner. Branching can reach level six. Given that these plants tend to be large trees, when used in vegetative culture that has no roots tunjang then it is likely to be easily uprooted trees.
When the plants derived from seeds, in the 3rd year has begun to bloom, although the fruit is still very little. Fertilization began much in the 4th year, while if the plants derived from cuttings or other vegetative fertilization has already begun in year two, and started a lot in year 3. Kemiri Reutealis Trisperma fertilization occurs mainly through cross-pollination, although some are pollinated itself. To ensure production of good quality planting materials in accordance with the parent tree, then the provision of seeds can be done through vegetative propagation. Another path is through the construction of isolated stem gardens to produce a composite seed (intervarietas). Kemiri Fruit Reutealis Trisperma arranged in bunches that on average each cluster consists of four with a hard shell in which there are an average of three seeds Kemiri Reutealis Trisperma. Seeds are encased by the skin in which there is a kernel that has a weight of about (70%) of seed weight. According to the observations on average every 1 kg of seeds consists of 120 seeds.
kernels that have been produced can be directly extracted with expeller machine to produce crude oil. According to the results of an experiment conducted in BALITTRI, the yield of crude oil that can be extracted to achieve the 59% highest and lowest 48%. Byproducts of this process is Reutealis Trisperma pecan cake that can be used as organic fertilizer briquettes or earlier can produce methane gas (biogas).
To generate biodiesel, crude oil further processed through a filtration process and transesterification. The yield of biodiesel in the process reaching 88-91% of crude oil. In addition to biodiesel in this process also produced glycerol, a material that can be used in the chemical industry. Broadly speaking there are three-transesterification process that can be taken to make biodiesel from crude oil that is:
Estimation of canopy surface area approximated by measuring the length / width of the outer and inner canopy and the height of a cone to approximate the shape beheaded as an umbrella cover. Measurements using tape and a laser distance meter. When the number of shoots per m2 can be calculated by using direct observation, it can be calculated the number of buds on a tree by a certain age. With the expected number of shoots on plants of different age can be made then the scatter diagrams and trend curves can be expected the number shoots at various ages. To determine the best curve can be seen that comes closest to the character development of buds and has a high coefficient of determination (over 95 %).
Based on the number of shoots on a series of productive time Reutealis Trisperma Kemiri trees (4-25 years) can be determined by determining the number of bunches of fruit bunches per cent of the total number of existing shoots. With the number of bunches is already known can be calculated the amount of fruits through observation of the average number of fruits per bunch. By observing the number of seeds per fruit can be determined the total number of seeds. Seed weight can be determined by counting the number of seeds per kg. Because seeds shelled Kemiri Reutealis Trisperma to get its kernel, then kernel weight can be calculated by known weight percent of the kernel of the seed weight. In the process of seed extraction Kemiri Reutealis Trisperma be used crude oil pressing machine. Based on the results of the experiment can be determined yield of heavy crude oil Kemiri Reutealis Trisperma. Based on the experiment can be calculated weight yield of biodiesel biodiesel can be produced from the filtration process and esterification, which is then converted to biodiesel by volume density of biodiesel results of the experiment.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
As previously noted, Reutealis Trisperma Kemiri tree limbs (buds) developed in line with the age of the plant. The more buds that form the surface area of the canopy. As noted in the methodology that estimates the surface area that is approached with the cone density measurements beheaded and shoots per m2 at each age of the plant which can then be calculated the number of shoots for each tree. Seen that the number of shoots that developed until age 25 years, and is estimated to still be growing.
observed number of shoots can be expected of a polynomial function, the number of shoots as a function of plant age. The results showed that the rank of two polynomial functions have a high coefficient of determination and estimated to be close to the character development of Kemiri Reutealis Trisperma shoots compared with the rank of three functions, although the coefficient of determination was slightly higher but in the 20th year has decreased function. Thus for the growing amount of shoots suspect used a polynomial function of rank two.
As seen on the functionality that the age of 25 function was still increasing, which means that production is still able to continue to rise. Based on field observation of individual living trees when the canopy is horizontally visible growth continued to expand and enlargement continues until a trunk diameter of more than one meter. While on the plant side by side with other plants tend not to expand the tree canopy as individual trees, and tend to grow vertically. If the model equations will be used to analyze the age of the plant more than 25 years, then there needs to be modified by providing a barrier in accordance with the development of the canopy horizontally with the consideration that the space between plants are not able to accommodate development of the canopy again at age 25 years or more.
These developments demonstrate that the development potential of the fruit can quickly achieve a high level. Through the application of technology maintenance management are constantly being developed, most of the shoots can be stimulated to generate interest for later become fruit arranged in bunches. Based on visible images that the growth of new shoots of trees experienced a slowdown in more than 20 years of age. This suggests that these plants are very productive at the time of investment. Besides rejuvenation can be implemented in phases starting from trees that have started fragile. This is very advantageous because of the continuity of production management more secure.
bunches of fruit in the tree tops. With good maintenance of most of the shoots may bear fruit and the amount of fruit in each bunch can develop optimally. In fruit Kemiri Trisperma Reutealis there are two to four seeds, and each consisted of 120 kg dry beans, so it can be determined on the basis of seed production. Through the development of the shoots can be lowered projections in sequence until seed production. Before processed dry beans need to be peeled to take the kernel.
results projected kernel seed production and this shows that the productivity of candlenut Reutealis Trisperma very high. If this projection can be achieved, then it is Trisperma Reutealis Pecan trees that can produce useful biomass in large quantities, so in addition to producing oil, candlenut Reutealis Trisperma can also produce other byproducts of fuel briquettes and biogas from the fruit shell, leather kernel, kernel cake and fruit bunches. It can also be processed into organic fertilizer
With the machine screw expeller, candlenut Reutealis Trisperma Crude Oil (MMKRT) can be extracted from the kernel. The results of this MMKRT further processed through a transesterification process for biodiesel produced Kemiri Reutealis Trisperma (BDKRT). In the process it also produced glycerol as a byproduct. Glycerol is an industrial raw material which can be further processed into glycerin whose value is much higher. This production process can be designed as a cycle so that it becomes a clean industry with the concept (zero waste).
MMKRT production potential was also very high, because besides kernel high productivity, rendemennya also high. In addition to the quantity of high productivity, the results of laboratory analysis showed that the resulting kualias MMKRT also be eligible to be processed into BDKRT with production processes effectively and efficiently. The quality of BDKRT transesterikasi generated from the process were also able to qualify the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), only need to observe more about the decline in quality due to delay in the use of a minimum of six months. Glycerol or glycerin produced as a byproduct, it weighs about 12% of MMKRT that need further analysis quality.
CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
Kemiri Reutealis Trisperma as crude oil feedstock and biodiesel production showed a very high potential productivity so as to provide an optimistic expectation. Picture of the potential is still based on the performance of breeding plants that have not been touched and no maintenance which means the application of innovation Productivity will be improved through the study of plant breeding in order to obtain superior and applied technology as a support to encourage the utilization of these superior genetic potential of plants.
content of crude oil and biodiesel Kemiri Reutealis Trisperma also very high (crude yield of more than 50% of the kernel and 88% biodiesel from crude oil), far exceeding the average productivity of biodiesel producing biodiesel from other plants. The quality of biodiesel produced can also meet the requirements of SNI. What matters more is the consistency and stability of the quality of diesel fuel when used after stored for longer.
POLICY IMPLICATIONS